(1) Defeated teams should congratulate the winners.

Present participles consist of the plain form of the verb plus -ing.

(2) The crying baby hid under the table.

Past participles usually consist of the plain form of the verb plus -d or -ed. Others are irregularly formed.

(3) The frightened actor...
(4) The survivor, visibly shaken by her long ordeal...

A participial phrase consists of a participle and its related words, such as modifiers and complements, all of which act together as an adjective.

(5) I saw her fishing contentedly.

A gerund phrase is a verb form used as a noun.

(6) Walking is a good exercise.

A gerund phrase consists of a gerund together with its complements and modifiers, all of which act together as a noun.

(7) I dislike talking loudly in the corridor.

An infinitive is a verb form, usually preceded by "to", that is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

(8) noun: (9) adjective: (10) adverb:

To forget is to forgive. That was a day to remember. Mrs. Chisolm rose to speak.

An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive together with its complements and modifiers.

(11) To interrupt a speaker abruptly is impolite.