|
Era
|
Context of inner
city
|
Structural
conditions
|
Housing and neighborhood
characteristics
|
Political
characteristics
|
Perceived
"problems"
|
Characteristic
solutions
|
|
1800 - 1940
|
Growth: metropolitan
expansion
|
|
Urbanization fueld by
industrialization and trade growth
|
|
Cities mostly
concentrated in Northeast and
Midwest
|
|
Immigration of diverse
populations
|
|
|
|
Democratic city halls in
most populous cities
|
|
Political
machines fueled by
ethnic vote
|
|
No federal "urban aid"
to speak of
|
|
1910-1930s: the
Progressive Reform movement
|
|
|
Assimilation
|
|
Isolation of ethnic
enclaves
|
|
|
1890-1930: Settlement
houses
|
|
1930s: the New
Deal
|
|
|
1940 - 1980
|
Decline: population loss,
metropolitan fragmentation
|
|
Deindustrialization
of cities to suburbs
and overseas
|
|
Downtown centralization
of professional sectors
|
|
Loss of central city
taxbase
|
|
Growth of
suburbs
and highways; white flight
|
|
Concentration of
minorities and the poor
|
|
|
through 1950s: de jure
segregation
|
|
1960s-80s: de facto
segregation
|
|
Loss of inner city
housing to abandonment and
demolition
|
|
|
Democratic city halls in
"rustbelt" cities
|
|
Republican city halls in
new "sunbelt" cities
|
|
Federal urban aid
policies vascillate between Democratic and
Republican presidents
|
|
|
1949-1960s:
Blight
|
|
1960s:
Poverty
|
|
|
1949-1960s: Urban
Renewal
|
|
1960s: War on
Poverty
|
|
late 1960s-1980s:
Community Economic Development, Neighborhood
Service Delivery
|
|
|
1980s - present
|
Uneven renewal
|
|
|
Deteriorating and unsafe
public housing
|
|
Affordable housing
crunch
|
|
Segregated
suburbs
|
|
|
1980s: "Reaganomics"
withdraws federal aid to states and
cities
|
|
1990s: Republican mayors
take over historically Democratic
cities
|
|
|
The dual city:
crime
|
|
The lost city: the
underclass
|
|
|
Dispersal: Section 8
rental subsidies, demolition of public
housing
|
|
Redevelopment:
Enterprise Zones, tenant ownership of public
housing
|
|
Faith-based
community initiatives
|
|